IJMLS Volume 6 Issue I

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ANALYZING HOW CHANGE MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP APPLY TO MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS: FOCUS ON THE BANKING SECTOR OF GHANA
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Ahmed Mohamed; Dr. Paul Machoka,
ASSESSING PROJECT NEEDS IDENTIFICATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES IN KENYA: A CASE FROM KAJIADO COUNT
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Kimani Joseph Alvin; Dr. Nyaga Juster Gatumi
ASSESSING PROJECT NEEDS IDENTIFICATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES IN KENYA: A CASE FROM KAJIADO COUNTY
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Kimani Joseph Alvin; Dr. Nyaga Juster Gatumi
The sustainability of development projects is increasingly critical in addressing poverty and promoting inclusive growth; however, in arid and semi-arid areas like Kajiado County, many community-based initiatives fail due to poor Needs Identification, with up to 65% collapsing within three years despite substantial investment. This study examined how project needs identification influences the sustainability of the Health and Livelihood Improvement (HELI) Project in Kajiado County. Anchored on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory and supported by the Logical Framework Approach, Theory of Constraints, and Resource-Based View, the study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 1,000 stakeholders, from which 278 were sampled using simple random sampling inOlchoronyori and Lorien villages. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and key informant interviews, with instruments showing strong validity (CVI = 0.81) and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.89). Analysis using SPSS v26 applied both descriptive and inferential statistics, revealing that Needs Identification significantly influenced sustainability. The study concluded that sustainability is best achieved through integrated needs identification and recommended participatory planning, capacity building, and policy integration. Further research in other geographic and sectoral contexts was suggested to validate and expand these findings.
ASSESSING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE SANITATION SERVICE DELIVERY: INSIGHTS FROM KENYA’S NATIONWIDE REAL-TIME MONITORING INFORMATION SYSTEM
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Mercy M. Miriti; Dr. Dorothy Medza Tsuma
Technological innovation has become central to enhancing efficiency, transparency, and accountability in public service delivery, particularly in the sanitation sector of developing countries. This study assessed the effect of technological factors on sustainable sanitation service delivery, drawing insights from Kenya’s Nationwide Realtime Monitoring Information System (RTMIS) under the Ministry of Health. Anchored on the sustainability theory and supported by institutional Theory, stakeholder theory and resource-based view theory, the study adopted a descriptive and explanatory research design combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected from 394 respondents, including Community Health Promoters, County Health Officers, and RTMIS administrators, through questionnaires and key informant interviews. Descriptive and regression analyses were conducted using SPSS version 27. Findings revealed that technological innovation significantly influenced sustainable sanitation service delivery (β = 0.412, p < 0.05), explaining 31.6% of the variance in service sustainability. Key factors included automation, interoperability, and digital infrastructure, while limited user training and system maintenance constrained effectiveness. The study concludes that technological innovation enhances sustainability when supported by institutional commitment, reliable infrastructure, and user capacity. It recommends policy reforms to strengthen digital infrastructure, regular user training, and dedicated funding for RTMIS maintenance to ensure long-term functionality anddata-driven sanitation governance in Kenya.
BRANDING STRATEGIES AND MARKETABILITY OF TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETES IN SELECTED ATHLETICS CAMPS IN KENYA
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Jackson Mumo Munywoki; Mr. Daniel Komu
This study examined the effect of personal, media, digital, and corporate branding strategies on the marketability of track and field athletes in selected Kenyan athletics camps, addressing their failure to benefit from effective branding despite exemplary global performance. Guided by the Athlete Brand Image theory, supported by the Social Exchange and Excellence theories, the descriptive research design targeted 1013 athletes across five North Rift camps. Data were collected from a sample of 287 athletes plus 10 coaches and managers (n=297) via questionnaires and interviews, achieving a sufficient 71% response rate. Data analysis established that all four branding strategies significantly impact marketability. Media branding demonstrated the most substantial effect, followed by corporate branding. Personal and digital branding also showed significant correlations. The study concluded that media branding is pivotal for enhancing visibility, reputation, and sponsor interest. The study recommended that athletes should focus on building an authentic personal brand by actively engaging fans through storytelling and social media. Critically, athletes should strategically use media platforms, like Instagram and Twitter, to boost visibility and reputation, and should leverage digital engagement platforms and influencer marketing to attract sponsors and enhance visibility. Developing robust corporate partnerships and sponsorships is also essential. Future studies should focus on comparative analyses of branding effectiveness between different athletic hubs in Kenya.
COACHING AS A STRATEGIC TOOL FOR IMPROVING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN DEVOLVED GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS: A CASE OF MURANG’A COUNTY
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Noah Gachanja; Dr. Angeline Wambugu
This paper examined the role of coaching as a strategic tool for improving employee performance in devolved government systems, focusing on the County Government of Murang’a. Globally, coaching has emerged as a strategic human resource development approach that enhances employee self-awareness, skills, and goal attainment. However, in Kenya’s devolved governments, limited empirical evidence exists on how structured coaching influences performance outcomes. The research adopted a descriptive research design to assess the nature and impact of coaching practices on employee performance. The target population comprised 1,022 management-level county employees, from which a sample of 287 respondents was selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS Version 20, employing both descriptive and inferential statistics. Reliability was confirmed through Cronbach’s alpha coefficients exceeding 0.7. Findings revealed that coaching had a strong positive and statistically significant relationship with employee performance (r = 0.753, p < 0.05) and accounted for 56.7% of performance variation (R² = 0.567). Coaching was found to enhance job satisfaction, skills development, teamwork, and goal achievement among county employees. The results supported Bandura’s (1986) Social Cognitive Theory, demonstrating that guided learning and feedback improve self-efficacy and organizational effectiveness. The study recommends institutionalizing coaching within county performance management frameworks, training supervisors as workplace coaches, and allocating resources for continuous coaching programs. Future research should employ longitudinal designs to explore the long-term impact of coaching on performance and examine its interaction with other learning mechanisms such as mentoring and peer learning.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND DAIRY FARMERS’ MEMBERSHIP IN COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES: A CASE OF GITHUNGURI DAIRY FARMERS COOPERATIVE SOCIETY
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Francis Njuguna Nyoro; Dr. Samuel Thiong’o
Globally, cooperative societies are recognized as pivotal in enhancing economic empowerment among smallholder farmers by facilitating resource pooling, knowledge sharing, and market access. In Kenya, dairy cooperatives play a critical role in connecting farmers to formal markets, offering fair pricing, and enabling access to credit and training. Despite these benefits, governance challenges such as weak leadership, limited member oversight, and poor communication often undermine member participation and trust. This study examined the relationship between corporate governance and dairy farmers’ membership, focusing on Githunguri Dairy Farmers Cooperative Society in Kiambu County. Employing a descriptive research design, the study targeted 1,515 management and staff members, with a stratified random sample of 316 participants. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, validated through expert review and pilot testing, and analyzed with SPSS using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between corporate governance and membership (r = 0.612, p < 0.01), with governance practices explaining 37.5% of membership variance. The study concludes that robust governance structures enhance trust, satisfaction, and sustained membership, and recommends policy, managerial, and technological interventions to strengthen cooperative governance and member engagement.
DATA-DRIVEN LEADERSHIP AND STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING IN PUBLIC SECTOR IN KENYA. A CASE OF THE MINISTRY OF COOPERATIVE AND MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Rose Kiptoo; Prof. Peter Kithae
The Ministry of Cooperative and MSME Development holds a key position in promoting the expansion of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which are vital to economic growth and job creation. To improve service delivery and support strategic planning, the Ministry has begun incorporating data driven leadership into its operations. However, the impact of this data driven leadership on strategic decision-making has not been thoroughly examined. Despite the government's ongoing push to digitize public services, significant obstacles remain in fully integrating data driven leadership into the Ministry’s strategic planning and decision-making activities. This study aimed to assess the relationship between Data-Driven Leadership and strategic decision making in public sector in Kenya within the Ministry of Cooperatives and MSMEs Development. The study was guided by transformational leadership theory. A descriptive research design guided the study. The target population comprised 300 officials from the Ministry of Cooperative and MSME Development, from which a sample of 120 respondents was selected. Primary data were collected using both structured and semi-structured questionnaires. quantitative data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Multiple regression analysis was employed to evaluate the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The findings indicated that Data-Driven Leadership (β = 0.615, p < 0.05) significantly impact the effectiveness of decision-making. The study concludes that Data-Driven Leadership significantly enhances strategic decision-making by fostering evidence-based insights, efficiency, and organizational adaptability.
DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGIES AND GROWTH OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN MACHAKOS COUNTY, KENYA
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Christine Mbithi; Dr. Samuel Thiong’o
This study assessed the effect of digital marketing strategies namely Social Media Marketing, Search Engine Optimization (SEO), Email Marketing, and Online Advertising on the growth of SMEs in Machakos County. The study was anchored on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which guided the understanding of both social media marketing and SME growth. The Resource-Based View (RBV) supported the SEO dimension; the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory guided the evaluation of email marketing. A descriptive research design was employed, targeting 18,476 registered SMEs. A stratified random sample of 377 respondents was selected, and 340 valid responses were obtained, representing a 90.2% response rate. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, and the reliability of the instrument was confirmed with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from 0.762 to 0.808, indicating high internal consistency. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression with the aid of SPSS Version 28. The results revealed that all four digital marketing strategies had a significant and positive effect on SME growth. Social Media Marketing emerged as the strongest predictor (β = 0.412), followed by Online Advertising (β = 0.338), Email Marketing (β = 0.286), and SEO (β = 0.319). The model reported an R² of 0.612 and adjusted R² of 0.608, indicating that the four strategies collectively explained 61.2% of the variance in SME growth. ANOVA results further confirmed the model’s significance (F = 51.327, p < 0.05). The study concluded that digital marketing strategies significantly contributed to SME growth by enhancing customer engagement, brand visibility, and profitability. However, challenges persisted, including digital skill gaps, limited access to analytics tools, and constrained marketing budgets. The study recommended that SMEs invest in digital skills training, utilize affordable analytics platforms and strengthen partnerships with public and private stakeholders to enhance their digital marketing capacity. Future research should explore the role of emerging digital innovations such as artificial intelligence, mobile commerce, and influencer marketing in advancing SME performance across different counties in Kenya.
DIGITAL SUPPLY CHAIN OPTIMIZATION AND FOOD SECURITY FOR FRESH PRODUCE IN NAIROBI COUNTY: A CASE STUDY OF KIBRA SUB-COUNTY
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Ingolo Josphine Aluko; Dr. Derow Aden
Food security is a critical challenge in Kenya, with approximately half of the population living in poverty and about 7.5 million, in extreme poverty. This is undermined by challenges in the fresh produce supply chain, such as poor market access and high food loss rates, which adversely affect nutrition outcomes. This study examines the impact of digital supply chain optimization encompassing digital logistics integration, digital market linkages, digital traceability, digital transparency and information sharing, on food security. Grounded under systems theory, the study employed a cross-sectional design. Data was collected from 319 stakeholders via questionnaires and interviews, analyzed using SPSS Version 28 for descriptive and regression statistics, and content analysis for qualitative insights. The findings indicated that digital logistics integration had the strongest positive impact through improved delivery efficiency and reduced post-harvest losses. Digital market linkages showed significant influence, facilitated by mobile platforms, though adoption was constrained by low digital literacy and unreliable internet. Digital traceability systems had limited adoption due to infrastructural barriers, while digital transparency enhanced decision-making but lacked a regulatory framework. Analysis of qualitative insights highlighted stakeholder demand for low technology solutions. Recommendations set out include the establishment of community Wi-Fi hubs, implementation of SMS-based tools, provision of digital literacy programs and creation of farmer cooperatives to facilitate the scaling of digital interventions. This research makes a contribution to Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) and Kenya's Food and Nutrition Security Policy, highlighting strategies for urban food systems in low-resource settings.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION INITIATIVES AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA AIRWAYS
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Omondi Mathews Nunda; Dr. Samuel Thiong’o
EFFECT OF CARBON MARKETS ON PERFORMANCE OF CLIMATE ADAPTATION INITIATIVES IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF KOKO NETWORKS.
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Mambo Ivy Wanjiru; Dr. Nyaga Juster Gatumi
Climate change has had severe impacts globally and across different sectors. The global South, Kenya included, is bearing the brunt of these changes, which necessitate the process of adjusting to the change. In this regard, several adaptation initiatives have been initiated to address this need. To ensure the sustainability of these initiatives, financing should be sustainable, which has been a major challenge. This study, therefore, seeks to investigate the influence of carbon markets on the performance of climate adaptation initiatives in Kenya. This study is anchored on the theory of financial intermediation. Employing a descriptive research design, the study targeted 31 climate adaptive initiatives in Kenya with a focus on KOKO Networks and shall utilize census sampling. Data collection will be done using structured questionnaires administered through Survey Monkey. Data analysis will be done through descriptive and inferential statistics. This study will be useful to policymakers in creating policies that ensure project sustainability. Project managers shall also benefit through this in understanding best ways to structure future projects using the most suitable financing mechanisms for the project.
EFFECT OF COMMUNICATION ON THE BASIC EDUCATION SCHOOLS PERFORMANCE AT GREAT NEWS ACADEMY, MALINDI SUB-COUNTY, KILIFI COUNTY, KENYA
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Christopher Kambi Mumba; Mr. Leseiyo Moses
This study examined the effect of communication on the performance of basic education schools in Kenya, focusing on Great News Academy, Malindi. The study adopted a correlational survey design to establish the relationship between managerial communication and school performance. The target population comprised 551 individuals, including administrators, teachers, and support staff, from which a sample of 232 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling to ensure representativeness across categories. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires, which provided quantitative insights into the effectiveness of communication practices. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation analysis, to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between communication and school performance. The findings revealed a positive and statistically significant correlation between effective communication and school performance, indicating that open, timely, and clear communication among school managers, teachers, and stakeholders enhance organizational coordination and student outcomes. The study recommended that school management strengthen internal communication channels, promote participatory dialogue, and implement feedback mechanisms to ensure transparency and collaboration. Such measures would foster shared understanding, improve decision-making efficiency, and ultimately enhance overall school performance in basic education institutions.
EFFECT OF STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION ON SUSTAINABILITY OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS IN UASIN GISHU COUNTY, KENYA
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Christine Jepkoech; Mr. Tom Kawino
The sustainability of solid waste management projects remains a major challenge in many developing countries despite substantial investments in infrastructure and technology. This study examined the effect of stakeholder participation on the sustainability of solid waste management projects in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The study was guided by Stakeholder Theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population consisted of 250 different individuals actively involved or affected by SWMPs in the county. A sample size of 152 respondents was achieved using the Yamane formula. Participants were sampled using stratified sampling. The information was collected using questionnaires, and a pilot study was carried out in Nakuru City to determine the validity and reliability of research instruments. The data was subsequently coded and placed into a computer where the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 25) was used to analyze them. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics was based on frequencies, percentage, mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics were correlation and regression analysis. Analyzed data was presented in form of tables. The results revealed that stakeholder participation has a positive and significant effect on sustainability of Solid Waste Management Projects in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya (β1=0.207, p=0.004). The study concluded that Stakeholder participation is crucial for sustainability of Solid Waste Management (SWM) projects in Uasin Gishu County. It recommends that county governments institutionalize stakeholder participation frameworks that promote regular consultation, transparency, and community engagement in waste management initiatives. The study contributes to policy and practice by providing empirical evidence that stakeholder participation is a critical determinant of sustainability in public environmental projects and underscores the importance of inclusive governance for effective solid waste management in Kenya.
EFFECT OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AND STRATEGY EVALUATION ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF PROFESSIONAL SERVICE SMES IN KISUMU COUNTY, KENYA
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Phyllis Aoko Okoth; Mr. Brown Kitur
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) remain pivotal to Kenya’s economic development through job creation, innovation, and income generation. Despite their importance, professional service SMEs often experience weak financial performance due to poor execution and inadequate monitoring of strategic plans. This study examined the effect of strategy implementation and strategy evaluation on the financial performance of professional service SMEs in Kisumu County, Kenya. Anchored on the Balanced Scorecard Model and the Dynamic Capabilities Theory, the study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 245 professional service SMEs, with a sample of 152 selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 28. Reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.83. Regression results indicated that both strategy implementation (β = 0.229, p < 0.01) and strategy evaluation (β = 0.263, p < 0.001) had positive and statistically significant effects on financial performance, jointly explaining 72.4% of the variation in performance (R² = 0.724). The study concludes that consistent implementation and continuous evaluation of strategies enhance profitability, liquidity, and growth. It recommends that SMEs institutionalize structured implementation frameworks with clear performance indicators and feedback mechanisms to ensure strategic alignment and long-term sustainability.
EFFECT OF TECHNICAL CAPACITY AND STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT ON PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN MARGINALIZED COUNTIES OF KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF GARISSA COUNTY
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Suleiman Hussein; Mr. Brown Kitur
Effective project implementation remains a persistent challenge in Kenya’s marginalized counties, where limited institutional capacity and weak stakeholder engagement often lead to project delays, cost overruns, and incomplete outcomes. This study examined the effect of technical capacity and stakeholder involvement on project implementation in Garissa County, one of Kenya’s least developed regions. The research was guided by the Resource-Based View (RBV) and Stakeholder Theories, which emphasize internal capabilities and participatory governance as key enablers of project success. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting 250 project stakeholders drawn from various county departments. Using Yamane’s formula, a sample size of 154 respondents was selected through stratified random sampling. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires, and reliability was confirmed through Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients exceeding 0.80. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 28, applying both descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation and multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that both technical capacity (β = 0.247, p < 0.01) and stakeholder involvement (β = 0.209, p = 0.003) had a positive and statistically significant effect on project implementation in Garissa County. The overall model explained 64.1% (R² = 0.641) of the variation in project implementation, confirming the strong predictive power of the selected variables. The study concluded that enhancing technical competencies, providing adequate tools and systems, and promoting participatory stakeholder engagement are critical to improving project efficiency and sustainability in marginalized regions. It recommends that county governments institutionalize continuous capacity-building programs, strengthen stakeholder consultation mechanisms, and integrate participatory monitoring and evaluation frameworks. These measures would enhance accountability, foster ownership, and improve the timely completion and quality of public projects in Kenya’s devolved system.
EFFECT OF TRANSPARENCY PRACTICES ON SUSTAINABLE CLIMATE RESILIENT NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL-KENYA
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Linet Nabuwaya Mukhula; Ms. Patricia Njoki
Transparency mechanisms play a critical role in ensuring sustainable and climate resilient natural resource management (NRM), particularly in the face of increasing climate-related challenges. This study sought to assess how Transparency Mechanisms enhance sustainable NRM, focusing on Transparency International-Kenya (TI-Kenya) as a case study. Grounded in Environmental Governance Theory, the research employed a quantitative approach, drawing insights from a diverse range of stakeholders to capture quantitative dimensions of governance effectiveness. The target population was 150 people who included TI-Kenya employees, policymakers, environmental experts, and local community representatives, selected through stratified and purposive sampling techniques. The findings affirmed that sound transparency mechanisms were indispensable in fostering sustainable, climate-resilient natural resource management at Transparency International-Kenya. The study recommended that future research could explore how these corporate governance mechanisms function in more diverse contexts, particularly among smaller grassroots organizations or in different geographical regions facing distinct climate impacts.
ELECTRONIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN COUNTY GOVERNMENT IN KENYA: A CASE OF WAJIR COUNTY
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Hanan Mohamed Bashir; Ms. Edna Morias
County governments in Kenya were established to decentralize authority and enhance service delivery, addressing marginalization under centralized governance. Despite these efforts, challenges such as poor waste management, pollution, water shortages, and deteriorating infrastructure persist, mainly due to inadequate employee performance. This study examined the influence of the electronic human resource information system (E-HRMIS) on employee performance in Wajir County Government, focusing on Recruitment, E-Training, E-Appraisal, and E-Payroll management. Anchored on the Resource-Based View, Human Capital, and Contingency theories, the study adopted a cross-sectional survey design targeting 4,098 employees, with a stratified random sample of 101 respondents. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 28 through descriptive and inferential statistics, including multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed that all four E-HRMIS components—Recruitment (r = 0.716, p < 0.01), E-Appraisal (r = 0.627, p < 0.01), E-Payroll (r = 0.597, p < 0.01), and E-Training (r = 0.588, p < 0.01)—had strong, positive, and statistically significant correlations with employee performance. The regression model explained 65.4% of the variance (R² = 0.654), with E-Recruitment (β = 0.421) emerging as the strongest predictor. The study concludes that an integrated E-HRMIS framework enhances productivity, transparency, and accountability in public service delivery. It recommends that Wajir County strengthen E-Recruitment and E-Training systems, improve communication and fairness in E-Appraisal and enhance accessibility in Payroll management. Implementing these data-driven strategies can optimize human resource management and elevate service delivery across county governments.
ENTREPRENEURIAL LEADERSHIP AND MICROENTERPRISE PERFORMANCE IN GHANA: EVIDENCE FROM GHANAIAN HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISES PANEL DATA
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Ahmed Mohamed a; Dr. Paul Machoka,
This study investigates how leadership qualities; proxied by education, entrepreneurial experience, and proactive decision-making; shape the performance and resilience of household enterprises in Ghana. Using panel data from the Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Survey (2009–2019), we examine how access to finance, exposure to economic shocks, and spatial context moderate these relationships. Fixed-effects and logistic regression models reveal that education and experience enhance profitability, while proactivity supports survival in specific contexts. Credit access demonstrates conditional effects: susu strengthens the benefits of education, informal credit supports survival but dampens leadership advantages, and digital loans yield inconsistent outcomes. Shocks weaken profitability but not survival, with experienced entrepreneurs showing adaptive capacity. Urban enterprises survive more often, yet proactive strategies in competitive urban markets yield limited returns. These findings highlight the conditional nature of leadership and underscore the need for context-sensitive, shock-responsive, and spatially differentiated enterprise support.
GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION AS A MODERATOR IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COVID-19 CONTAINMENT MEASURES AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF BEVERAGE MANUFACTURING SMES IN GHANA
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Sanjeet Kumar Pattnalk
This study investigates the moderating role of government intervention in the relationship between COVID-19 containment measures and the organizational performance of beverage manufacturing Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Accra, Ghana. This study was anchored on Stakeholder Theory (ST). Drawing on a cross-sectional survey of 500 SME leaders, the study employed Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to test hypothesized relationships. The results reveal a statistically significant positive impact of containment measures on the performance of beverage manufacturing SMEs in Accra, Ghana. Furthermore, government intervention significantly moderates this relationship, enhancing the effectiveness of COVID-19 containment strategies in maintaining operational performance. These findings suggest that government support is crucial in mitigating the adverse economic effects of pandemics on SMEs. The study offers practical implications for policy formulation, highlighting the need for responsive and well-targeted government assistance during public health crises.