Bachelor of Management and Leadership

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    FACTORS AFFECTING SUPPLIER APPRAISAL IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA AIRWAYS LTD.
    (Management University of Africa, 2018-04) BEATRICE NIGHT AYIRO
    The main objective of this study was to examine the factors affecting supplier appraisal in the airline industry a case study of Kenya Airways Ltd. with specific objectives being to establish how organizational policy affects supplier appraisal in the airline industry; to determine how pricing affects supplier appraisal in the airline industry; to determine how quality affects supplier appraisal in the airline industry and to establish how information communication technology affects supplier appraisal in the airline industry. The findings will be the reference point to other researchers in the same field that are interested in this area of studies, the study findings were beneficial to forming the basis for future research on the subject, providing a critical examination of the field. The findings of this study will provide important information to future researchers interested in this area with references and relevant literature to complete their research work. The knowledge generated by this study will enable scholars to improve and develop a better understanding on the subject. The study is anchored on the following theory's goal setting theory, institutional theory and expectancy theory. The study variables are organizational policy, pricing, quality and ICT. This study was carried out using descriptive research design. The target population of this study were 175 respondents comprised of senior managers, middle level managers and non-management that were randomly selected. Stratified proportion sampling was employed to obtain a suitable unit representative of analysis. This research study used questionnaires as the main data collection tool. The questionnaires were pilot tested before being administered to the target audience. Analysis of data was done using descriptive statistics. Specifically, means, averages and percentages were used in the study. The data analysis tools were simple tabulations and presentations of the report using spread sheets and the use of SPSS version 24.0. This study used inferential statistics to show the relationship that exists between the study variables. Data was analyzed using and quantitative methods. Data was then be tabulated and frequencies calculated on each variable under study and interpretations made from the field findings. Percentages will then be calculated and interpretation made. Study findings established that, the pricing in a given institution highly affects the supplier appraisal to a great extent. This is because it was noted that price charged by the various suppliers will determine whether they will be awarded a contract with the organization or not. Organizational policy is also concluded as a major factor determining the supplier appraisal since it was noted that organizational policy is a key factor in determining the goals of an organization.
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    FACTORS AFFECTING DIGITAL CONTENT MARKETING AMONG FISH TRADERS IN KENYA. A CASE OF SINDO FISH TRADERS IN HOMA BAY COUNTY
    (Management University of Africa, 2024-07) CAREN JUMA AYANGA
    The primary goal of this research was to identify the elements that influence digital content marketing among Kenyan fish vendors. The Homa Bay County lawsuit involving Sindo Fish Traders. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the impact of digital literacy on digital content marketing among Sindo Fish Traders in Homa Bay County, to examine the impact of consumer behavior on digital content marketing in this same sector, to assess the impact of market competition on digital content marketing in this same sector, and to ascertain the impact of financial resources on digital content marketing in this same sector. The research team at Sindo Fish Traders aimed to collect data from 280 employees as part of their descriptive study. The study's principal data gathering tool was a questionnaire, and it used a census sample technique to pick 280 Sindo Fish Traders. Ethical principles such as informed permission, anonymity, privacy, and confidentiality were maintained throughout the investigation. The data was organized and sorted using SPS Version 26, descriptive statistics were used to examine the findings, and the results were presented in tables and figures. The results showed that even while a lot of traders know digital marketing is important, they don't really know how to use it. This is especially true when it comes to social media and analyzing the competition. Therefore, in order to increase traders' digital marketing abilities, the study suggests implementing focused training and support programs, better financial systems, and collaborative networks. In order to promote corporate growth and customer engagement in an increasingly digital environment, the study suggests that it is vital to foster digital literacy and allocate resources effectively for digital marketing in the fish trading industry.
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    FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO YOUTH ALCOHOLISM AMONG RESIDENTS AGED BETWEEN 18 TO 35 IN MWEA CONSTITUENCY KIRINYAGA COUNTY. CASE STUDY KIRWARA VILLAGE IN MUTITHI WARD, MWEA CONSTITUENCY
    (Management University of Africa, 2024-08) SARAH NYAWIRA KARIUKI
    The research aimed to identify the causes of underage drinking in Kirwara, a settlement in Mwea Constituency’s Mutithi Ward, Kirinyaga County. It focused on understanding young people's awareness of alcohol dangers, their social and environmental contexts, mental health, family dynamics respondents from the 3,000 residents of Kirwara. Data collection involved administering a structured questionnaire with closed-ended questions and a 5-point Likert scale to gather information on demographic details, social influences, psychological characteristics, family dynamics, and awareness of alcohol-related risks. In-depth interviews and focus groups were also conducted to gain deeper insights. A pilot test with 10% of the population ensured the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Data processing included verifying completeness, entering data into Microsoft Excel, and analyzing it using descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequencies. Results were presented with tables, bar graphs, and pie charts. Ethical considerations included obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality, and protecting participants’ privacy and anonymity. The study adhered to these standards to maintain trust and credibility. Key findings revealed that social and environmental factors, such as peer influence, easy access to alcohol, and community norms, significantly contributed to underage drinking. Psychological factors like using alcohol to cope with depression, anxiety, and stress were also prevalent. Family dynamics, including parental alcohol use and parenting styles, impacted youth drinking behaviors. Although many youths were aware of the risks of alcohol consumption, harmful drinking practices persisted. The study concluded that multifaceted interventions were necessary to address the various factors contributing to youth alcoholism. Recommendations included enhancing community-based alcohol prevention programs, increasing family counseling, improving school and community education on alcohol risks, and strengthening enforcement of alcohol access regulations. Further research was recommended to explore the long-term impacts of underage drinking.
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    LEADERSHIP STYLES AND ADOPTION OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY COMMUNICATIONS AUTHORITY OF KENYA
    (Management University of Africa, 2024-09) ALBERT KOCHEI
    Public sector institutions in Kenya are struggling with digital transformation due to ineffective leadership, a lack of understanding of how leadership styles impact this process, and a significant digital divide, which hinders equitable access to services and exacerbates social inequalities, ultimately risking the country's economic and social benefits as outlined in its Vision 2030 plan. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to investigate the leadership styles and adoption of digital transformation in the public sector in Kenya: A case study of the Communications Authority of Kenya. This objective guided the study to determine the effect of visionary leadership style on the adoption of digital transformation, to establish the effect of transformational leadership style on the adoption of digital transformation, to assess the effect of transactional leadership style on the adoption of digital transformation, to establish the effect of participative leadership style on the adoption of digital transformation and to ascertain the effect of authoritative leadership style on the adoption of digital transformation. Transformational Leadership Theory and Adaptive Leadership Theory was guiding the study. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population was 230 employees of the CAK involved in digital transformation projects. Yamane formulae were used to calculate a sample size of 146 respondents. Stratified sampling was used to select respondents. Data was collected through the use of questionnaires. A pilot study was conducted in the Media Council of Kenya (MCK) to ascertain the validity and reliability of research instruments. The data was coded and entered into the computer for analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 25). Quantitative data from the questionnaires was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics included frequency, percentages, mean, and standard deviation. The inferential analysis was carried out through regression analysis to test the direct and indirect effects of the study variables. Data was presented in tables. The study results revealed that there was a positive linear effect of visionary leadership style on the adoption of digital transformation in the public sector in Kenya. (β1=0.202, p=0.020). Transformational leadership style has a positive and significant effect on the adoption of digital transformation in the public sector in Kenya (β2=0.253, p=0.001). Transactional leadership style has a positive and significant effect on the adoption of digital transformation in the public sector in Kenya (β3=0.134, p=0.035). Participative leadership style was found to have a positive and significant effect on the adoption of digital transformation in the public sector in Kenya (β4=0. 240, p=0.005). Authoritative leadership style was found to have a positive and significant effect on the adoption of digital transformation in the public sector in Kenya (β5=.162, p=0.017). The study concluded that digital transformation in Kenya's public sector is influenced by visionary, transformational, transactional, participative, and authoritative leadership styles. Visionary leaders communicate a clear vision, inspire creativity, empower employees, and provide resources for learning digital skills. Transactional leaders outline rewards, clarify performance goals, and emphasize consequences of not adopting digital tools. Participative leaders involve team members in decision-making and foster innovation. Authoritative leaders communicate vision set expectations and provide feedback. The study recommended that leaders should strengthen visionary leadership practices, cultivate transformational leadership styles, leverage transactional leadership, and adopt participative leadership styles to effectively communicate the vision for digital transformation and inspire employees to embrace new digital tools and processes. They should also provide resources, support, and celebrate successes, and emphasize the potential consequences of not adopting new digital tools.
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    FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH IN RURAL BASED COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF K-UNITY SACCO
    (Management University of Africa, 2024-09) GRACE WAMUHU GITAU
    K-Unity Sacco served as a case study for this research to pinpoint factors that affect the growth of cooperative societies in rural Kenya. The research aimed to figure out how interest rates IT, staff skills, and management abilities shape the expansion of rural cooperative societies in Kenya. I did this study to find answers to problems like corruption waste of resources bad management and not enough workers in rural Kenyan cooperative societies. This way, I could come up with fixes. The study will help K-Unity Sacco's leaders other saccos, and researchers. The study used a descriptive approach. It looked at 178 people from top, middle, and support staff levels. We picked 89 respondents, half the total group using stratified random sampling. We gathered data through surveys with both open and closed questions. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the data were conducted. While quantitative data was displayed as tables and figures, qualitative data was displayed as content analysis and descriptive annotations. From investigations findings it was recognized 80% of the respondents noted that managerial skills affects growth in rural based cooperative societies in Kenya while 20% said it has no effect, 84% staff competence while 16% said it has no effect, interest rate affects by 72%, while 28% said it has no effect, interest rate affects by 82% while 18% said it has no effect, information technology affects by 79% while 21% said it has no effect and finally80% of the respondents noted that organization policy affects while 20% said it has no effect. Investigator recommends that organizations need to implement regular training programs to improve the managerial skills of cooperative leaders. This should include financial management, strategic planning, and decision-making skills. Effective leadership is crucial for guiding the cooperative’s growth and ensuring sustainable development. Organizations need to invest in continuous professional development for staff, including certifications in cooperative management, customer service, and financial literacy. Organizations need to regularly review and adjust interest rates on loans and savings to remain competitive. Offering attractive rates can encourage more members to save and borrow, leading to increased capital circulation within the cooperative. Develop flexible loan products that cater to the specific needs of rural members, such as agricultural loans with seasonal repayment plans. Organizations need to invest in digital financial services, such as mobile banking and online platforms, to improve accessibility for members, especially in remote areas. This can facilitate savings, loan disbursements, and repayments, making the cooperative more efficient and member friendly. Implement robust data management systems to enhance record-keeping, track member contributions, and analyze financial breakthrough.
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    EFFECTS OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT ON STAFF PERFORMANCE IN THE TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY OF SAFARICOM CALL CENTRE, WESTLANDS
    (Management University of Africa, 2024-09) MWANGI DAMARIS MUTHONI
    The main objective for this study was to examine the effects of training and development on staff performance in the telecommunication industry, a case study of Safaricom Call Centre, Westland's. Specific Objectives included; to establish the effect of internal training, external training, training roles and training policies on staff Performance at Safaricom Call Centre, Westland's. The study was guided by the goal theory, constructivism theory of training and total quality management theory. Descriptive survey research design was used in this study. The 1892 employees of Safaricom's call center in Westland's were the main target population. To determine the sample size, stratified random sampling was utilized. Pilot Study was conducted in order to improve the questionnaire. The data was evaluated using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, and a straightforward linear regression analysis was used to determine a relationship between training and development and performance. The findings were shown using tables and charts. The study concluded that the Safaricom Call Centre’s training programs had a major beneficial influence on employee performance and general job satisfaction. Safaricom should regularly update its training materials to stay current with evolving customer needs and technological advancements, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of its internal training. Safaricom need to keep funding external training initiatives that prioritize professional development and work happiness. Safaricom has to clearly define roles and responsibilities for training in order to maximize the training's effect on employee performance. The researcher suggested that in the future, a comparison of training and its impact on productivity in the public and private sectors should be conducted.
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    IMPACT OF NON-INCENTIVES ON EMPLOYEE MORALE WITHIN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY OF CMC MOTORS GROUP LIMITED
    (Management University of Africa, 2024-11) JOSHUA MAINA MWATI
    This study delves deeper into investigating the influence of non-incentive factors on employee morale within the automotive industry, specifically examining the case of CMC Motors Group Limited. The research paper aims to identify and analyze the key non-incentive factors that impact employee morale, including work environment, leadership, job satisfaction, and organizational culture. By examining and understanding these factors, the study proposal seeks to provide valuable insights for key players in the automotive industry to improve employee morale and enhance organizational performance. The research makes use of a qualitative case study approach, involving in-depth interviews with employees at various levels within CMC Motors Group Limited. Data analysis would be conducted using thematic analysis tools to identify common subject matter and patterns that relate to non-incentive factors and their effect on the employee’s morale. The study findings are expected to contribute to a clearer understanding of how the various factors influence employee morale in the automotive industry. These insights can be used by organizations to develop targeted strategies to enhance employee satisfaction, improve retention rates, and ultimately achieve greater organizational success.
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    INFLUENCE OF EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN THE AVIATION INDUSTRY. A CASE STUDY OF KENYA AIRPORTS AUTHORITY
    (Management University of Africa, 2025-04) EDITH AKENGA
    Employee involvement increases workplace engagement, which in turn leads to improvements in performance. Participation from workers makes it easier for them to share knowledge with one another, which in turn increases the notion that management has faith in each of them. Additionally, employees have the ability to perceive and explain their viewpoints regarding the dynamics of the workplace, thereby being able to leverage this information for the advantage of the organization. The general objective of the study sought to determine the influence of employee involvement on employee performance in the Aviation Industry. The study had an in-depth descriptive and comprehensive investigation of Kenya Airports Authority. Thirty-nine employees of the Kenya Airports Authority are the subjects of this study. The research made use of a census sample approach in order to collect the responses of 39 individuals. questionnaires were used to collect the necessary information. The study findings established that the respondents agreed that effective communication enhances participative decision making. The study results revealed that the respondents agreed that active participation results to participative decision making. The study results showed that majority of the respondents agreed that employee health and safety enhance employee performance. The study established that some of the respondents agreed that there is clear training on participation in decision making. The study findings indicated that majority of the respondents agreed that bargaining structure enhances employee performance. The study established that the respondents strongly agreed that employee’s strikes affect employee performance. Majority of the respondents were found to highly agree that Clear expectations enhance employee performance. The study recommended for management to put more efforts in encouraging their employees to contribute to decision making and incorporate their views in the organizational policy, managers to allow increased level of workers participation in decision making sense they are the center of operations and can contribute to work related issues, participative management to be redefined and properly applied so that people’s understanding and perception of what it is all about will be improved. The study recommended that collective bargaining should be used as a tool in establishing working conditions, pursuing strategic and commercial goals, and implementing strategic plans such as the Labor Management Plan. Collective bargaining and collective agreements should also be used to standardize employment administration and simplify how the hospital manages and employs its employees.
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    INFLUENCE OF WAREHOUSE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY: A CASE STUDY OF FARGO COURIER LIMITED
    (Management University of Africa, 2025-06) FRIDAH RUDIAH NJUGUNA
    The general objective of this study was to examine the influence of warehouse management practices on operational efficiency: A case study of Fargo Courier Limited. Specific Objectives included; To assess the effect of strategic supplier partnerships on operational efficiency at Fargo Courier Limited, to examine the influence of warehouse layout on operational efficiency at Fargo Courier Limited, to evaluate the impact of the inventory management system on operational efficiency at Fargo Courier Limited and to determine the effect of technology adoption on operational efficiency at Fargo Courier Limited. A descriptive survey was used for the study design. This research's primary target group was employees of Fargo Courier Limited. Thus, 93 employees of Fargo Courier Limited were targeted. The research employed a census to select the suitable sample size since the study population is fairly small. To acquire primary data, a questionnaire with structure was implemented as a collection information strategy. Pilot research was carried out to test the survey questions beforehand. This research project used a quantitative data analysis approach, including consistency checks, data cleaning, and descriptive statistics to examine structured questionnaires and data obtained. The study found that Strategic supplier partnerships enhance operational efficiency by streamlining processes and reducing costs. These partnerships are reinforced by well-defined contracts, ensuring seamless service and responsiveness to shifting demands. Warehouse layout design, including sufficient storage space, efficient personnel and equipment movement, and strategically placed storage racks, also contribute to operational efficiency. The inventory management system at Fargo Courier Limited improves stock levels, decision-making, and inventory control practices, reducing operational inefficiencies. Technological adoption, such as real-time tracking tools and robotics, enhances warehouse performance and efficiency, enhancing order fulfillment and minimizing downtimes. These factors directly impact Fargo Courier Limited's operational effectiveness. The study recommends that Fargo Courier Limited strengthen its operational efficiency through strategic supplier partnerships, restructure warehouses, and improve workflow efficiency. It suggests evaluating workflows, adjusting aisle widths and storage arrangements, and implementing ergonomic storage systems for efficient order fulfillment. The study also suggests incorporating sophisticated systems for managing inventories, including robotics, AI systems, and IoT devices, to improve real-time tracking and forecasting accuracy. Regular staff training and regular audits are also recommended. The use of modern technologies, such as automation, can enhance speed, precision, and real-time data retrieval. The study also suggests conducting a single case comparative study on various courier or logistics companies to gain insights into optimal industry practices and standards. The study also highlights the impact of automation and digital shifts on employee roles, customer perceptions, and environmental sustainability.
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    EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY AMONG COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF EQUITY BANK HARAMBEE AVENUE BRANCH
    (Management University of Africa, 2025-06) HANNINGTONE BARASA OLOO
    The general objective was to establish how employee motivation affects employee productivity in Equity bank at harambee avenue branch, and specific objectives being to examine the effect of recognition, training and development, reward management financial incentives on employee productivity at Equity bank. Human Capital Theory severed as the anchor theory for this investigation, with support from the Adam’s Equity Theory and Institutional theories. The target population were 50 employees and used a descriptive design. Census was used as sampling technique sample size. Data was gathered via questionnaires. The quantitative data was evaluated using basic statistics, and data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 27. Result was shown in tables. The study found that employee productivity and financial incentives are strongly correlated, that there is a primary relationship between the two, and that performance is significantly impacted by financial incentives. The results demonstrate that a combination of reward management, reward management, training and development, and financial incentives accounts for the variance in employee productivity. Based on the study's findings, it was suggested that the bank implement employee appreciation programs, such as competitive insurance, health benefits, and an end-of-year bonus, to improve workers' job performance. To encourage staff to improve their job performance, it was also suggested that the bank implement recognition incentives like recommendation letters and employee of the month awards. Equity bank management should make investments in its employees. Training and development investments are necessary to increase human capital, and senior management must provide the funding and support for this to happen. HRM programs are crucial to this, but without the active backing of the organization's senior management, they won't have the resources or drive to succeed. The management of Equity bank should routinely invest in staff training and development in order to improve and broaden human competency. The results of this study, the conclusion, and the proposal that followed indicate that more research on employee productivity and employee motivation in Kenya's public sector is required.
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    FACTORS AFFECTING CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA PLANT HEALTH INSPECTORATE SERVICE (KEPHIS)
    (Management University of Africa, 2025-06) ANN MIDECHA EMBARO
    Effective change management is essential for enhancing performance, promoting innovation, and improving service delivery within government agencies, especially in the face of increasing regulatory, technological, and operational challenges. This study investigated the internal organizational factors influencing change management at the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS), a semi-autonomous government agency tasked with regulating the quality of agricultural inputs and exports. The study specifically focused on assessing how leadership style, organizational culture, communication strategy, and employee involvement influence the implementation of change initiatives. The research was grounded in Lewin’s Change Management Theory and supported by the Transformational Leadership Theory and the McKinsey 7S Framework, which provided a strong theoretical foundation. A descriptive research design was employed to provide a detailed understanding of the organizational context and the dynamics of change within KEPHIS. The target population consisted of 450 employees across various departments. A sample of 135 respondents was selected using Yamane’s formula, with stratified random sampling ensuring representation across functional units. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire composed of closed-ended and open-ended items. The questionnaire was pilot tested on 10% of the sample, using respondents from a comparable agency to ensure its reliability and applicability. Expert reviews were used to ascertain content validity, while internal consistency reliability was confirmed through Cronbach’s Alpha, with all constructs meeting the accepted threshold. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 28, focusing on descriptive statistics such as means, frequencies, and standard deviations. These statistics provided insights into how respondents perceived the four organizational variables in relation to change management. The descriptive results showed high agreement across all variables, indicating that KEPHIS exhibits a generally favorable environment for implementing organizational change. Ethical considerations were strictly observed throughout the study, including obtaining informed consent, ensuring voluntary participation, maintaining confidentiality and privacy, and safeguarding participant anonymity. Based on the findings, the study concluded that successful change management in public institutions such as KEPHIS is largely dependent on effective leadership, a supportive organizational culture, clear and participatory communication strategies, and inclusive employee engagement practices. It recommended the institutionalization of transformational leadership development programs, regular cultural audits, enhanced internal communication frameworks, and deeper staff involvement in change processes. This research contributes to the understanding of change management within the public sector and offers practical insights for policymakers and managers aiming to strengthen organizational responsiveness to change.
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    INFLUENCE OF E-TENDERING PRACTICES ON PROCUREMENT PERFORMANCE OF THE KENYA NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY
    (Management University of Africa, 2025-06) OBARE GESARE LYDIAH
    This study aimed at to establishing the influence of E-Tendering practices on procurement performance of the Kenya National Highways Authority. The study specific objectives were to determine the effect of automated bid evaluation, electronic contract award, online tender invitation and electronic supplier prequalification on procurement performance of the Kenya National Highways Authority. This study will benefit the management of the Kenya National Highways Authority, Government policymakers in Kenya and suppliers and contractors. The target population was 55 employees working within the supply chain department. The use of census as a study sampling method was adopted. The questionnaires were adopted as tool for collecting data. The use of quantitative analysis was adopted and the presentation of the final collected data was through tables. The finding of this study indicated that automated bid evaluation, electronic contract award, online tender invitation and electronic supplier prequalification on procurement performance. In conclusion, by minimizing manual labor and optimizing resource usage, automated bid evaluation reduces costs associated with the procurement process. Procurement staff can focus on strategic tasks rather than the time consuming process of manually evaluating each bid. E-contracts are stored digitally, allowing for easy retrieval and organization of all contract-related documents. This digital record keeping improves compliance by ensuring that all terms and conditions are readily accessible, which is important for ongoing contract management, performance monitoring, and audits. Online tender invitations reduce the administrative burden associated with traditional methods, such as printing, mailing, or physically collecting bids. The system automates many aspects of the tendering process, saving time and reducing the costs of paper-based logistics. Digital platforms for supplier prequalification provide rich data analytics and reporting tools, which help procurement teams track supplier performance over time. This data-driven approach allows organizations to identify top-performing suppliers, evaluate trends, and make informed decisions when sourcing goods and services. As a result, organizations can optimize their supply chain strategy and improve supplier relationships. The study recommends that, while automated bid evaluation is highly efficient, there should be human oversight for complex bids that require nuanced judgment. Procurement managers should have the ability to review and override automated decisions when necessary to ensure that the final choice aligns with the organization’s strategic goals and priorities. To maximize the benefits of electronic contract award systems, procurement teams, legal departments, and other relevant stakeholders should be properly trained on how to use these systems. This ensures smooth adoption and reduces errors or delays in the contract-awarding process. The organization should regularly monitor how suppliers interact with the online tendering platform and collect feedback to improve its functionality. Addressing concerns, such as difficult submission processes or technical glitches, can improve the overall experience for suppliers and enhance the effectiveness of the platform. Beyond initial prequalification, organizations should use data analytics to continuously assess supplier performance based on key metrics, such as delivery time, quality of goods/services, and compliance with contract terms. This helps ensure that suppliers who initially passed prequalification continue to meet the organization’s needs.
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    EFFECT OF IMPEDIMENTS IN SUPPLY CHAIN LINKAGES IN LOGISTICS COMPANIES IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF DALSEY, HILLBLOM AND LYNN (DHL) KENYA
    (Management University of Africa, 2025-06) KISARA NICHOLAS ODIWUOR
    The efficiency of logistics companies in Kenya is heavily dependent on the strength and reliability of supply chain linkages. However, impediments such as poor infrastructure, customs delays, regulatory bottlenecks, and limited technological integration continue to disrupt the iv seamless flow of goods and services. These challenges not only increase operational costs but also undermine service delivery, competitiveness, and customer satisfaction. Understanding the effects of these impediments is crucial for developing strategies that enhance supply chain resilience and improve overall logistics performance in the country. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of impediments in supply chain linkages in logistics companies in Kenya, with reference to Dalsey, Hillblom and Lynn (DHL) Kenya. The study assessed the effect of political instability, global market dynamics, government policies and infrastructure quality on supply chain linkages at DHL Kenya. The Transaction Cost Theory, the Resource Based View Theory and Supply Chain Management Theory will be applied in this study. The study target population was 74 employees within the supply chain department. Descriptive research design was adopted. The use of census as a study sampling method was adopted to include the entire target population in the study data collection process. The use of questionnaires was used to collect data. The data was analyzed through quantitative method and presented through tables. The finding of this study established a connection between political instability, global market dynamics, government policies and infrastructure quality on supply chain linkages. The study concludes that, customs authorities in politically unstable countries often operate inefficiently due to corruption, lack of resources, or frequent policy changes. This results in prolonged clearance times, lost or damaged shipments, and additional fees, all of which negatively impact the reliability of cross-border supply chain linkages. Trade agreements influence logistics operations in that, when these agreements are altered or terminated, logistics firms must adjust to new tariffs, documentation requirements, and route restrictions. These abrupt shifts can disrupt partnerships with suppliers and clients, leading to uncertainty and reconfiguration of existing supply chain linkages. Proactive government policies reduce transit delays, increase transparency, and build trust among supply chain partners. Logistics companies operating under such conditions are better positioned to forge strong, long-term linkages with suppliers, customers, and international logistics networks. Well-paved roads, clear signage, and optimized routing technologies ensure timely delivery to end customers. In contrast, congested or poorly planned city layouts reduce delivery efficiency, increase costs, and lead to customer dissatisfaction, thereby weakening downstream supply chain effectiveness. It is recommended that, logistics companies should develop alternative supply chain routes and modes of transportation to ensure continuity during political unrest. By using a mix of road, rail, air, and sea transport, firms can maintain operations even if one channel is disrupted. Logistics firms should adopt trade analytics platforms to monitor international market trends, trade flows, and customer preferences. These insights help anticipate changes in global demand, supply chain bottlenecks, and emerging risks or opportunities. Embracing digital platforms for customs declarations, licensing, and cargo tracking can reduce bureaucratic inefficiencies. This will help these companies to minimize human error, speed up clearance times, and improve transparency in the supply chain. The use of innovative solutions like electric bikes, drones, and route optimization software, particularly in congested or underdeveloped urban areas should be adopted to help these companies bypass infrastructure gaps to reduce delivery time.
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    FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADOPTION OF E-PROCUREMENT SYSTEM IN NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION IN KENYA
    (management university of africa, 2025-08) GETRUDE KIBET