Undergraduate Research Projects

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    ASSESSING TEACHER EXPECTATIONS ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN KENYA . A CASE STUDY IN SELECTED PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOOL IN KAJIADO COUNTY
    (Management University of Africa, 2025-06) ODHIAMBO ISAAC OCHIENG
    This study sought to assess teacher expectations on students’ achievement in Kajiado County, focusing on selected public secondary schools. ‘‘The purpose was to explore how teacher expectations, academic expectations, and growth mindset collectively influence students’ academic achievement’’. The study was anchored on Rosenthal and Jacobson’s Pygmalion Effect Theory, complemented by Dweck’s Mindset Theory and Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences. The research objectives were to examine the effect of teacher expectations on students’ achievement; to analyze how academic expectations shape student performance; and to evaluate the role of a growth mindset in enhancing achievement. The study targeted a population of 2,000 participants consisting of 1,600 students, 350 teachers, and 50 school administrators, with a sample size of 266 students, 60 teachers, and 7 administrators. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. Data were collected through structured questionnaires distributed among the sampled groups. The data were then analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages and presented in tables and charts for clarity. ‘‘Findings revealed that teacher expectations significantly influence students’ motivation and performance; academic expectations set by teachers and institutions enhance students’ commitment to academic work; and promoting a growth mindset among students contributes to improved academic outcomes’’. The study concluded that positive teacher expectations combined with supportive academic environments and deliberate cultivation of a growth mindset are critical in boosting student achievement. It recommended professional development programs for teachers to raise awareness of expectation effects, fostering growth mindset practices in classrooms, and strengthening academic support systems within schools in Kajiado County.
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    EFFECT OF IMPEDIMENTS IN SUPPLY CHAIN LINKAGES IN LOGISTICS COMPANIES IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF DALSEY, HILLBLOM AND LYNN (DHL) KENYA
    (Management University of Africa, 2025-06) KISARA NICHOLAS ODIWUOR
    The efficiency of logistics companies in Kenya is heavily dependent on the strength and reliability of supply chain linkages. However, impediments such as poor infrastructure, customs delays, regulatory bottlenecks, and limited technological integration continue to disrupt the iv seamless flow of goods and services. These challenges not only increase operational costs but also undermine service delivery, competitiveness, and customer satisfaction. Understanding the effects of these impediments is crucial for developing strategies that enhance supply chain resilience and improve overall logistics performance in the country. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of impediments in supply chain linkages in logistics companies in Kenya, with reference to Dalsey, Hillblom and Lynn (DHL) Kenya. The study assessed the effect of political instability, global market dynamics, government policies and infrastructure quality on supply chain linkages at DHL Kenya. The Transaction Cost Theory, the Resource Based View Theory and Supply Chain Management Theory will be applied in this study. The study target population was 74 employees within the supply chain department. Descriptive research design was adopted. The use of census as a study sampling method was adopted to include the entire target population in the study data collection process. The use of questionnaires was used to collect data. The data was analyzed through quantitative method and presented through tables. The finding of this study established a connection between political instability, global market dynamics, government policies and infrastructure quality on supply chain linkages. The study concludes that, customs authorities in politically unstable countries often operate inefficiently due to corruption, lack of resources, or frequent policy changes. This results in prolonged clearance times, lost or damaged shipments, and additional fees, all of which negatively impact the reliability of cross-border supply chain linkages. Trade agreements influence logistics operations in that, when these agreements are altered or terminated, logistics firms must adjust to new tariffs, documentation requirements, and route restrictions. These abrupt shifts can disrupt partnerships with suppliers and clients, leading to uncertainty and reconfiguration of existing supply chain linkages. Proactive government policies reduce transit delays, increase transparency, and build trust among supply chain partners. Logistics companies operating under such conditions are better positioned to forge strong, long-term linkages with suppliers, customers, and international logistics networks. Well-paved roads, clear signage, and optimized routing technologies ensure timely delivery to end customers. In contrast, congested or poorly planned city layouts reduce delivery efficiency, increase costs, and lead to customer dissatisfaction, thereby weakening downstream supply chain effectiveness. It is recommended that, logistics companies should develop alternative supply chain routes and modes of transportation to ensure continuity during political unrest. By using a mix of road, rail, air, and sea transport, firms can maintain operations even if one channel is disrupted. Logistics firms should adopt trade analytics platforms to monitor international market trends, trade flows, and customer preferences. These insights help anticipate changes in global demand, supply chain bottlenecks, and emerging risks or opportunities. Embracing digital platforms for customs declarations, licensing, and cargo tracking can reduce bureaucratic inefficiencies. This will help these companies to minimize human error, speed up clearance times, and improve transparency in the supply chain. The use of innovative solutions like electric bikes, drones, and route optimization software, particularly in congested or underdeveloped urban areas should be adopted to help these companies bypass infrastructure gaps to reduce delivery time.
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    EFFECT OF TRAINING ON STAFF PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC ORGANISATIONS IN KENYA. A CASE OF MINISTRY OF INTERIOR AND NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION, HARAMBEE HOUSE, NAIROBI.
    (Management University of Africa, 2025-08) PATRICIA HAIGWO SALAT
    The study investigated the effect of training on staff performance in public organizations in Kenya, with a specific focus on the Ministry of Interior and National Administration at Harambee House, Nairobi. The research was inspired by the concern that training programs in the public sector often fail to translate into improved performance due to limited access, lack of continuity, and weak evaluation mechanisms. The study examined four training dimensions: on the-job training, off-the-job training, training frequency, and training evaluation methods. A descriptive research design was adopted, targeting 403 management-level employees across three state departments, with a stratified random sample of 80 respondents selected using Yamane’s formula. Data was collected through structured questionnaires, validated through expert input and piloting, and tested for reliability, yielding a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.78. Analysis involved descriptive statistics, with results presented in frequencies, percentages, and mean scores. Findings revealed that on-the-job training had the strongest effect on staff performance, with hands-on training and mentorship recording the highest mean ratings, while orientation programs and role rotation scored low, reflecting weak induction and monitoring practices. Off the-job training was also effective, with external workshops and seminars achieving the highest mean score of 4.50 (SD = 0.53), followed by online training at 4.20, sponsorships for further studies at 4.10, and simulations at the lowest with 3.90 (SD = 0.74). Training frequency was found to be a critical determinant of staff performance, with quarterly training achieving the highest mean of 4.40 (SD = 0.52), structured annual schedules and updated calendars each scoring 4.30, while refresher courses (4.00) and new training programs (4.10) were rated moderately effective due to their generic content. Training evaluation methods were rated positively overall, with post-training feedback forms recording the highest mean of 4.40, supervisory evaluations and pre/post-performance comparisons each at 4.20, post-training tests at 4.00, and return-on-investment assessments recording the lowest score at 3.80, reflecting weak implementation. The study concluded that effective training significantly enhances staff performance, but its impact depends on relevance, consistency, and evaluation rigor. It recommended strengthening mentorship and practical training, redesigning orientation and role rotation programs, contextualizing simulations, ensuring structured training schedules, and improving evaluation frameworks, especially ROI assessments. The study also suggested future research on the long-term effects of training on employee retention and career progression, as well as cross-ministry comparative studies to establish broader insights into training effectiveness in Kenya’s public sector.
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    EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRACTISES ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN COUNTY PROJECTS IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL INCLUSIVE GROWTH PROJECT IN NANDI COUNTY
    (Management University of Africa, 2025-06) LYAN CHEROTICH
    Agriculture was a critical driver of socio-economic development in Kenya, particularly within rural areas such as Nandi County, where the majority of the population depended on farming for their livelihoods. This study examined the effect of agricultural practices—specifically agroforestry, organic farming, hydroponics and aeroponics, and irrigation farming—on socioeconomic development in Nandi County, under the framework of the National Agricultural and Rural Inclusive Growth Project (NARIGP). The study adopted a descriptive research design employing both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, interviews, and observations to ensure triangulation and enhance validity. The target population consisted of 400 individuals—including farmers, agricultural officers, local government officials, and community leaders—from which a sample of 120 respondents was selected through stratified random sampling. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis, with socio-economic development as the dependent variable and the four agricultural practices as independent variables. Instrument reliability was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha, with a threshold of 0.7, and content validity was ensured through expert review. The study achieved a 100% response rate, with all 120 questionnaires successfully completed, reflecting strong engagement from the community. The findings showed that agroforestry was highly valued for improving soil fertility, crop yields, household income, and employment opportunities, with tree planting being the most widely adopted practice. Organic farming was positively perceived for improving produce quality, food security, and household incomes, despite challenges related to input access and labor. Hydroponics and aeroponics were acknowledged for their water-saving benefits and contribution to food security, although awareness and infrastructure gaps limited their adoption. Irrigation farming was widely recognized for enhancing productivity, stabilizing food availability, and improving incomes, though access challenges remained. Overall, agricultural practices significantly improved household income, food security, employment opportunities, and quality of life in Nandi County, though connections to affordable education and health services required further strengthening. The study recommended that county authorities and stakeholders intensify training, infrastructure investment, market linkages, and supportive policies to scale up sustainable agricultural practices. Additionally, it encouraged integrating agricultural gains with social services to promote inclusive and equitable socio-economic development. These findings contributed valuable insights for policymakers, development agencies, and future researchers interested in sustainable rural development in Kenya and similar contexts across sub-Saharan Africa.
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    EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOODS IN RONGAI SUB-COUNTY, NAKURU COUNTY
    (Management University of Africa, 2024-11) OTOCHI TOM NYANGAU
    The researcher aimed to explore the influence of change in climate on sustainable livelihoods among households in the Rongai Sub-county. Specifically, the study sought to examine the consequence of changing seasons and rainfall patterns, food insecurity, water scarcity, and infectious disease patterns on sustainable livelihoods among households in Rongai Sub-county. The study was based on entitlement theory and resilience theory. It adopted a descriptive survey research design and targeted 52,248 households in the Rongai Sub-county. Fisher’s formula was used to obtain the sample size of 96 respondents. Stratified random sampling was employed to select respondents, where each of the five wards in Rongai Sub-county represented a stratum. A questionnaire was used to collect data, and the instrument was piloted in Njoro Sub-county. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 25 statistical software. The analysis utilized descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies and percentages. The extracted data were quantitative and presented in tables for ease of interpretation. The answers directed that a substantial majority of respondents have observed changes in seasons and rainfall patterns in Rongai Sub-County. The findings reveal that water scarcity is a pressing concern for households in Rongai Sub-County, with a significant most reporting it as a problem. The study in Rongai Sub-County found that 78.3% of respondents recognized changes in seasons and rainfall patterns, significantly impacting livelihoods and revealing a strong positive correlation (r = 0.751; p < 0.05) between these changes and sustainable livelihoods. The findings in revealed that 66.3% of households experience food insecurity, significantly impacting livelihoods, with a significant positive correlation (r = 0.672; p < 0.05) between food insecurity and sustainable livelihoods. The findings also indicated that 72.3% of households face significant water scarcity challenges, adversely affecting livelihoods, health, and agricultural productivity, with a strong positive significant correlation (r = 0.672; p < 0.05) between water scarcity and sustainable livelihoods. Finally, the findings in Rongai Sub-County reveal that 67% of households have observed significant changes in infectious disease patterns, which negatively impact livelihoods and productivity, with a positive correlation (r = 0.604; p < 0.05) between infectious disease patterns and sustainable livelihoods. The study concluded that changing seasons and rainfall patterns, food insecurity, water scarcity and infectious disease patterns had an effect on sustainable livelihoods among households .The study recommended that to address the impacts of changing seasons on sustainable livelihoods in Nakuru County, it is crucial for local governments and policymakers to implement adaptive strategies that enhance community resilience.
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    EFFECTS OF PROJECT RISK MANAGEMENT ON DELIVERY OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING PROJECTS IN KENYA. A CASE STUDY OF KENYA NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY (KENHA)
    (Management University of Africa, 2025-06) ELIZABETH MWARANGU
    The main objective of this study was to examine the effects of project risk management on delivery of construction engineering projects in Kenya, a case study of Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA). Specific objectives were; To assess the effect of risk identification effect of risk mitigation strategies on the delivery of construction engineering projects at KeNHA and to analyze the effect of risk monitoring on the delivery of construction engineering projects at KeNHA. The research employed descriptive research design. The target population was 141 employees of Kenya National Highways Authority, Headquarters. The census approach was employed in the investigation to determine sample size. A survey was employed by the investigator in order to gather data. The study employed descriptive analysis for data analysis. Microsoft Excel aided in data analysis. According to the report, risk identification is a crucial aspect of project delivery at KeNHA, integrating stakeholder contributions and capturing information on risks. Structured frameworks for risk assessment and review cycles ensure adequate skills and strategic risk management. The study concluded that KeNHA's risk management techniques are effective, but there is room for improvement in training and resource allocation. Additionally, the study discovered that risk monitoring procedures are active and integrated during project execution, with systems for tracking risks and monitoring progress of mitigation activities. Proper monitoring helps achieve control during project execution and improves project delivery results. The study recommends that KeNHA improve its risk identification processes by expanding the tools and techniques used, including early stakeholder inclusion. Regularly reviewing and updating evaluation frameworks and providing ongoing training for assessors can enhance risk management. Reporting on project decisions based on assessments can strengthen project management. Allocating training resources on mitigation measures can enable a more proactive approach. Defining boundaries for modifying protocols can strengthen organizational agility. Integrating real-time data streams into risk monitoring can enhance risk tracking, reporting, and response. Streamlined collaboration among stakeholders can accelerate responses to new risks. Additional investigation may examine the impact of organizational culture, risk management practices, leadership style, and technological adoption on risk management efficacy.
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    EFFECTS OF STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ON PROJECT PERFORMANCE IN NON-GOVERMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS PROJECTS IN KENYA. A CASE OF AFRICAN MEDICAL AND RESEARCH FOUNDATION HEALTH PROJECT
    (Management University of Africa, 2025-06) RUWEIDHA IBRAHIM ABDULLAH
    The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of stakeholder engagement on project performance in NGO projects in Kenya. A case of AMREF Health Project. The following were the specific objectives of the study, to explore the effects of stakeholder communication, stakeholder feedback, stakeholder power dynamics and stakeholder involvement on project performance in NGO projects in Kenya. The significance of the study was to policy makers, management of health projects and future researchers. The study adopted descriptive research design. The target population for this study was 112 employees of AMREF Health Project. The study considered sample size of 56 respondents which was done using stratified random sampling as the sampling design. Data was collected through questionnaires that were distributed to the respondents. To ensure validity and reliability of the questionnaire, a pilot study was done. The data was analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods and later presented through tables, bar graphs and pie charts. In the case of NGO projects in Kenya like the AMREF Health Project active participation through communication, feedback, power relations, and participation is crucial in the determination of the performance of the project. By prioritizing these areas, the study was able to encourage better coordination, shared ownership, and more successful and sustainable results. The research advised companies to enhance strategic leadership because it has numerous positive impacts to the organizations and this hastens the implementation of the short-term objectives. It also emphasized the need to upgrade the performance monitoring which contributes to the continuous development and gives a boost to the effectuation of the policies on risk management.
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    EFFECTS OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT ON STAFF PERFORMANCE IN THE TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY OF SAFARICOM CALL CENTRE, WESTLANDS
    (Management University of Africa, 2024-09) MWANGI DAMARIS MUTHONI
    The main objective for this study was to examine the effects of training and development on staff performance in the telecommunication industry, a case study of Safaricom Call Centre, Westland's. Specific Objectives included; to establish the effect of internal training, external training, training roles and training policies on staff Performance at Safaricom Call Centre, Westland's. The study was guided by the goal theory, constructivism theory of training and total quality management theory. Descriptive survey research design was used in this study. The 1892 employees of Safaricom's call center in Westland's were the main target population. To determine the sample size, stratified random sampling was utilized. Pilot Study was conducted in order to improve the questionnaire. The data was evaluated using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, and a straightforward linear regression analysis was used to determine a relationship between training and development and performance. The findings were shown using tables and charts. The study concluded that the Safaricom Call Centre’s training programs had a major beneficial influence on employee performance and general job satisfaction. Safaricom should regularly update its training materials to stay current with evolving customer needs and technological advancements, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of its internal training. Safaricom need to keep funding external training initiatives that prioritize professional development and work happiness. Safaricom has to clearly define roles and responsibilities for training in order to maximize the training's effect on employee performance. The researcher suggested that in the future, a comparison of training and its impact on productivity in the public and private sectors should be conducted.
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    EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY AMONG COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF EQUITY BANK HARAMBEE AVENUE BRANCH
    (Management University of Africa, 2025-06) HANNINGTONE BARASA OLOO
    The general objective was to establish how employee motivation affects employee productivity in Equity bank at harambee avenue branch, and specific objectives being to examine the effect of recognition, training and development, reward management financial incentives on employee productivity at Equity bank. Human Capital Theory severed as the anchor theory for this investigation, with support from the Adam’s Equity Theory and Institutional theories. The target population were 50 employees and used a descriptive design. Census was used as sampling technique sample size. Data was gathered via questionnaires. The quantitative data was evaluated using basic statistics, and data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 27. Result was shown in tables. The study found that employee productivity and financial incentives are strongly correlated, that there is a primary relationship between the two, and that performance is significantly impacted by financial incentives. The results demonstrate that a combination of reward management, reward management, training and development, and financial incentives accounts for the variance in employee productivity. Based on the study's findings, it was suggested that the bank implement employee appreciation programs, such as competitive insurance, health benefits, and an end-of-year bonus, to improve workers' job performance. To encourage staff to improve their job performance, it was also suggested that the bank implement recognition incentives like recommendation letters and employee of the month awards. Equity bank management should make investments in its employees. Training and development investments are necessary to increase human capital, and senior management must provide the funding and support for this to happen. HRM programs are crucial to this, but without the active backing of the organization's senior management, they won't have the resources or drive to succeed. The management of Equity bank should routinely invest in staff training and development in order to improve and broaden human competency. The results of this study, the conclusion, and the proposal that followed indicate that more research on employee productivity and employee motivation in Kenya's public sector is required.
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    FACTORS AFFECTING ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA. A CASE STUDY OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN LAIKIPIA COUNTY.
    (Management University of Africa, 2025-06) JOHN KARIUKI KINYUA
    The general objective of this study was to examine the factors affecting student academic achievement in secondary schools within Laikipia County, Kenya. It specifically looked into the roles of socio-economic background, school infrastructure, parental involvement, and peer influence. The study adopted a descriptive survey design and collected data from 222 participants, including school principals, teachers, students, and parents. The analysis revealed that students from low-income families often struggle with accessing learning materials and maintaining school attendance. Additionally, schools with overcrowded classrooms and inadequate learning resources were linked to lower academic outcomes. Parental involvement was found to positively impact student success, especially when parents engage in school activities and support learning at home. The study also noted that peer influence can either motivate students academically or lead to negative behaviors such as absenteeism. The research concludes that student performance is shaped by a combination of home, school, and social environment factors. It recommends that stake holders work collaboratively to improve learning conditions, enhance parental engagement, and promote positive peer interaction. It also recommends targeted interventions such as financial aid, infrastructure improvements, enhanced parental engagement, and peer mentorship programs to promote academic success. These findings provide valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and stakeholders in the education sector.
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    FACTORS AFFECTING CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES: A CASE STUDY OF KENYA PLANT HEALTH INSPECTORATE SERVICE (KEPHIS)
    (Management University of Africa, 2025-06) ANN MIDECHA EMBARO
    Effective change management is essential for enhancing performance, promoting innovation, and improving service delivery within government agencies, especially in the face of increasing regulatory, technological, and operational challenges. This study investigated the internal organizational factors influencing change management at the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS), a semi-autonomous government agency tasked with regulating the quality of agricultural inputs and exports. The study specifically focused on assessing how leadership style, organizational culture, communication strategy, and employee involvement influence the implementation of change initiatives. The research was grounded in Lewin’s Change Management Theory and supported by the Transformational Leadership Theory and the McKinsey 7S Framework, which provided a strong theoretical foundation. A descriptive research design was employed to provide a detailed understanding of the organizational context and the dynamics of change within KEPHIS. The target population consisted of 450 employees across various departments. A sample of 135 respondents was selected using Yamane’s formula, with stratified random sampling ensuring representation across functional units. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire composed of closed-ended and open-ended items. The questionnaire was pilot tested on 10% of the sample, using respondents from a comparable agency to ensure its reliability and applicability. Expert reviews were used to ascertain content validity, while internal consistency reliability was confirmed through Cronbach’s Alpha, with all constructs meeting the accepted threshold. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 28, focusing on descriptive statistics such as means, frequencies, and standard deviations. These statistics provided insights into how respondents perceived the four organizational variables in relation to change management. The descriptive results showed high agreement across all variables, indicating that KEPHIS exhibits a generally favorable environment for implementing organizational change. Ethical considerations were strictly observed throughout the study, including obtaining informed consent, ensuring voluntary participation, maintaining confidentiality and privacy, and safeguarding participant anonymity. Based on the findings, the study concluded that successful change management in public institutions such as KEPHIS is largely dependent on effective leadership, a supportive organizational culture, clear and participatory communication strategies, and inclusive employee engagement practices. It recommended the institutionalization of transformational leadership development programs, regular cultural audits, enhanced internal communication frameworks, and deeper staff involvement in change processes. This research contributes to the understanding of change management within the public sector and offers practical insights for policymakers and managers aiming to strengthen organizational responsiveness to change.
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    FACTORS AFFECTING DIGITAL CONTENT MARKETING AMONG FISH TRADERS IN KENYA. A CASE OF SINDO FISH TRADERS IN HOMA BAY COUNTY
    (Management University of Africa, 2024-07) CAREN JUMA AYANGA
    The primary goal of this research was to identify the elements that influence digital content marketing among Kenyan fish vendors. The Homa Bay County lawsuit involving Sindo Fish Traders. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the impact of digital literacy on digital content marketing among Sindo Fish Traders in Homa Bay County, to examine the impact of consumer behavior on digital content marketing in this same sector, to assess the impact of market competition on digital content marketing in this same sector, and to ascertain the impact of financial resources on digital content marketing in this same sector. The research team at Sindo Fish Traders aimed to collect data from 280 employees as part of their descriptive study. The study's principal data gathering tool was a questionnaire, and it used a census sample technique to pick 280 Sindo Fish Traders. Ethical principles such as informed permission, anonymity, privacy, and confidentiality were maintained throughout the investigation. The data was organized and sorted using SPS Version 26, descriptive statistics were used to examine the findings, and the results were presented in tables and figures. The results showed that even while a lot of traders know digital marketing is important, they don't really know how to use it. This is especially true when it comes to social media and analyzing the competition. Therefore, in order to increase traders' digital marketing abilities, the study suggests implementing focused training and support programs, better financial systems, and collaborative networks. In order to promote corporate growth and customer engagement in an increasingly digital environment, the study suggests that it is vital to foster digital literacy and allocate resources effectively for digital marketing in the fish trading industry.