International Journal of Management & Leadership Studies IJMLS

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A Way Forward in Developing Globally Competent Human Resources
(management university of africa, 2016-11) Wayne Malcolm
The major objective of this paperisto bring togethertwowaysofthinkinginorderto create a decision-making framework for developing practicalsolutionsto complex issues.In one bracket o fthe framework,Ludwigvon Bertalanffy’s general systems theory provides away to gain anunderstandingforthemacro-context ofasociety.Simultaneously,PauloFreire’s ideas onempowering individualsthrough liberationliteracy programs allowsforindividuals atthegrassrootstogainthenecessarytoolstocriticallyengagetheirsurroundingssocially, politicallyandeconomically.Thispaperisderivedfromalarger qualitative casestudy.The methodology and design allowed freedom and access to explore abstract ideas hoping to reveal important understandings about how socio-economic institutions can work together. This paper is basically a literature review and analysis of Japan’s current state of affairs with a focus on the challenges of building a globally competent workforce for the future. In this paper, as well asthe larger study, the case of Japan is used to illustrate and maketangible various ideas, concepts, and recommendations. Although the context is Japan the recommendations can be a model for other nations. This aligns with the main findings, which are that greater cooperation between government, academia, and business, in the Japanese context, need to be fostered while empowering local actors to be more critically engaged in developing solutions to societies challenges. Also, furtherstudy of these socio-economic institutions needs to be done because of their complex operational realities. Keywords: business, government, higher education, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Paulo Freir
Access to business information, business finance, managerial skills and performance of SMES in Kenya
(management university of africa, 2020-01) Benard Ngetich,; Peter Paul Kithae,
Many studies have established that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are becoming increasingly important in terms of development and innovations. However, many firms perform dismally and fail to grow. It has also been established that there is high mortality rate of SMEs within two years of their operations. Given this high failure rate, it has become necessary to conduct a study on the factors that affect SMEs performance and thus progress to the growth phase of organizational life cycle. This study sought to establish factors affecting performance of SMEs in Kenya. Its specific objectives were to investigate effect of access to business information on performance of SMEs in Kenya, to find out how access to finance affect performance of SMEs in Kenya and to establish the effect of managerial skills on performance of SMEs in Kenya. The study employed a descriptive research design based on desk research to achieve the objectives. Among variables that were found to positively affect business performance were access to business information and managerial skills. However, access to finance was found to negatively affect business performance. The study concluded that access to business information and managerial skills are key socio-economic factors affecting business performance of SMEs. A major recommendation of the study is that the government should start providing crucial business information and improve policies on SME's access to business finance as this will enable enterprises to make informed investment decisions as well as enhance their entrepreneurial skills to enable them to recognize and exploit the available business opportunities. Keywords: Small and Micro Enterprises, performance, Investment decisions.
Access to financial services by women entrepreneurs in Migori County: A Case of West Sakwa Ward
(management university of africa, 2016-11) Arnot, L1; Arnot, L1
Women entrepreneurs’ access to finance services is crucial to the economic development and growth in a particular area. They need to have access to financial services to make their work easier regarding saving, investing and even insuring their businesses against disasters like the fire that can lead to many losses. Accessing financial services improves the living standards and reduces the economic dependency of individuals, families and even groups. It is a fundamental aspect towards poverty reduction and development of a particular area since it opens up employment opportunities, attracts both local and foreign investors, leads to the development of infrastructure and economic growth. The study aimed at exploring the factors affecting women entrepreneurs’ access to financial services in Migori County, West Sakwa ward. Given that their financial access restricted regarding options available, there are few m-past shops, one Equity bank agent and KCB mtaani agent, all owned by one person worsening the situation in case the owner has an emergency to attend to or is not around. Determination of the effects of financial exclusion and effects of economic illiteracy on women entrepreneurs’ access to financial services in Migori County, West Sakwa ward were the specific objectives. The study usedrandom sampling method and 378 female entrepreneurs of Migori County, West Sakwa ward as the appropriate sample size. The study adopted descriptive design. The study was conducted in West Sakwa ward, Migori County. Data collection was done by using questionnaires; SPSS was used to analyze the data collected. The analyzed data was submitted in various forms; charts, graphs, and tables. The major findings of the studyestablished that culture is the greatest barriers to access to financial services for the womenentrepreneurs, small levels of education has had a great impact on their access to financial services, more than half of the respondents only have the primary school education.
ADDRESSING INEQUALITIES AND FOSTERING RESILIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA AND AFRICAN COUNTRIES
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Sanjeet Kumar Patnaik; Sayyed Mehboob Ur Rehman; Dr. Domeniter Naomi Kathula
The report explores the imperative task of addressing inequalities and fostering resilience as keystones for sustainable development in Ghana and the rest of African countries. By dissecting the multifaceted dimensions of environmental protection, the report illuminates the intricate interplay of factors shaping the development landscape. Through a synthesis of prevailing research findings and existing policy frameworks, this proposes a roadmap for actionable strategies aimed at 1015obilizati resources and harnessing political and social networks to drive substantive progress. Central to the report’s narrative is the recognition of the pivotal role played by collaboration among governmental entities, civil society organizations, the private sector, and community representatives. Drawing on insights gleaned from empirical studies and practical experiences, the report underscores the significance of efficient resource allocation and coordinated efforts in facilitating the implementation of targeted action plans. At its core, the report advocates for a holistic approach to sustainable development, one that transcends traditional sectoral boundaries and embraces an integrated, collaborative ethos. By fostering inclusive dialogue, promoting knowledge exchange, and nurturing partnerships, the report envisions a future where sustainable development goals are not merely aspirational but attainable realities. In conclusion, this report serves as a call to action for all stakeholders invested in the pursuit of sustainable development in the region. It underscores the urgency of addressing entrenched inequalities and building resilience in the face of evolving challenges. Through collective action and shared commitment, Ghana and its African countries can forge a path towards a more equitable, prosperous, and sustainable future.
AI-DRIVEN LEADERSHIP: SHAPING SUSTAINABLE FUTURES THROUGH INNOVATION
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Sande Noelyne Nasubo
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly emerging as a central technology in industries across the globe, driving innovation, improving operational efficiency, and enabling more sustainable practices. With the increasing urgency to address global challenges such as climate change, resource depletion, and rising social inequalities, AI presents an opportunity for businesses and governments to make meaningful progress toward sustainability. This article examines the transformative role of AI in sustainability, exploring how AI-driven leadership can shape a sustainable future through innovation. Focusing on sectors such as energy, agriculture, waste management, and social equity, it discusses how AI technologies can drive environmental stewardship, enhance social responsibility, and stimulate economic growth. Additionally, the paper explores the role of visionary leadership in adopting AI-driven strategies that align with sustainability goals while ensuring ethical, transparent, and inclusive AI deployment. By addressing both the opportunities and challenges associated with AI, this article provides a comprehensive overview of AI's role in shaping a sustainable, AI-enabled future.
AN INVESTIGATION ON THE RELEVANCE OF TEACHING MORAL VALUES TO MITIGATE CONFLICT IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
(management university of africa, 2023-11) Dinah Aulo; Eric Onyango; Christine Okelo
The upsurge of criminal offences in schools and families, depicts an existing problem in the Kenyan society. This affects the family set up being the most import social unit and the relationship between teachers and students in learning institutions. About 40% of family murder cases, violence, rape, incest has been recorded, while about 50% of student – teacher violence, confrontations and disrespect have been recorded. This has led to offenders being arrested and put to trial by the law. Such offences affect harmony in the family as a social unit and undermine effective management of learning institutions thus defeating the achievement of expected goals of education by removing conflicts and promoting a positive attitude of mutual respect, in order to enhance a harmonious society and environment that should positively contribute to national development. The purpose of this study is to investigate causes, types, effects of conflicts, understanding knowledge and possible contribution of the teaching of moral values in educational institutions. The research will be conducted based on the conflict theory, the teleological/deontological theories and the Psychoanalytic theory. The respondents of the study included sampled students and teachers in selected learning institutions in Nairobi County. A total of 100 participants were involved; both Google questionnaires and self-administered questionnaires was used to collect data. Qualitative Descriptive statistical method was also used to carry out the research.
ANALYZING HOW CHANGE MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP APPLY TO MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS: FOCUS ON THE BANKING SECTOR OF GHANA
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Ahmed Mohamed; Dr. Paul Machoka,
APPLICATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURE: A REVIEW OF THE PRACTICE AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR SMALLHOLDER FARMERS
(management university of africa, 2023-11) Njeri Gathoga; Jared Osoro
The recent emergence of digital technologies is rapidly transforming the efficiency, effectiveness, and transparency of agricultural production. Smallholder farmers (SHFs) often have limited access to credit facilities, are poorly trained, use old farming tools and practices, and face difficulties managing post-harvest losses and accessing suitable markets for their produce. Changes in climatic conditions and the unpredictability of weather patterns have expounded the current challenges. Digital technology offers scalable opportunities to bridge the gaps and increase the resilience of SHFs in sustaining food production. This study focused on the application of four independent variables of digital technologies by smallholder farmers; use of digital lending technology to access capital and credit facilities; the availability of digital agricultural extension services; the use of digital technology for market linkages and the use of digitally improved tools and farming techniques. The results showed that smallholder farmers who have been trained in digital technologies and use digitally improved tools & modern farming techniques have derived the most benefit and increased output. Precision agriculture, data-driven decision-making at the farm levels, and integration of other Agri-service platforms have helped in improving efficiency, productivity, and sustainability across the whole agricultural value chain. There is still greater opportunity to enhance digital lending platforms and digital marketing for agricultural produce.
Appointments of Vice-Chancellors in Universities in Kenya: The Nexus between Ethnicity and University Employment
(management university of africa, 2016-11) Siringi, E. M1 , Academic Leader, Master of Development Studies Programme,; Letting, N2 , The Vice Chancellor
UNIVERSITIES by their very nature should embrace diversity in their structures and the selection and appointments of its human resources especially at the top echelons.However, Kenya as a country faces a challenge of ethnicity which is persistently in the media houses year in year out. This article interrogates this critical issue with special reference to appointments of Vice Chancellors in universities in Kenya and assess how these has affected negatively the process of development in universities and Kenya as a country. Using desk and content analysis research approach, a survey of empirical and theoretical studies were studied and research findings obtained. The study reveals that nepotism and tribalism practices are taking a centre stage in employment of staff in public universities contrary to laid down employment guidelines by the Government of Kenya. Further, appointment of Vice-Chancellors in public universities is skewed towards six major tribes in Kenya, contrary to equal employment opportunities legislations enacted by parliament relating to gender affirmative action as well as the marginalized groups and persons living with disability. The study concludes that the marginalized and persons living with disability are groups affected and therefore not benefitted appointments even after the promulgation of new Constitution of 2010. The study recommends review of the criteria and procedure of appointment to curb ethnicity and nepotism in order to ensure that inclusivity of the gender, marginalized and persons living with disability is catered for. Key words: Ethnicity, Development, Tribalism, University appointment, Vice Chancellor.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LEADERSHIP AGILITY: CONCEPTS AND THEIR APPLICATION
(management university of africa, 2024-11) Prof. Thomas Katua Ngui
The digital transformation taking place globally has necessitated the adoption of artificial intelligence in all sectors of the economy. This adoption of artificial intelligence has also been used by leaders in all industries to help them improve on their performance. The use of AI is witnessed mainly in the performance of the hard aspects of leadership hence leaving the leaders with only the soft aspects of leadership to deal with. Adoption of AI in leadership has contributed to improved agility hence giving the organizations a competitive edge over the organizations that have not yet adopted AI. Agility is when people have the capabilities and understanding to respond quickly to disruption, capitalize on new opportunities and address threats (Adamopoulos, 2021). Despite the adoption of AI having its own challenges the benefits of AI by far out way the challenges encountered while using AI.
ASSESSING PROJECT NEEDS IDENTIFICATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES IN KENYA: A CASE FROM KAJIADO COUNT
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Kimani Joseph Alvin; Dr. Nyaga Juster Gatumi
ASSESSING PROJECT NEEDS IDENTIFICATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES IN KENYA: A CASE FROM KAJIADO COUNTY
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Kimani Joseph Alvin; Dr. Nyaga Juster Gatumi
The sustainability of development projects is increasingly critical in addressing poverty and promoting inclusive growth; however, in arid and semi-arid areas like Kajiado County, many community-based initiatives fail due to poor Needs Identification, with up to 65% collapsing within three years despite substantial investment. This study examined how project needs identification influences the sustainability of the Health and Livelihood Improvement (HELI) Project in Kajiado County. Anchored on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory and supported by the Logical Framework Approach, Theory of Constraints, and Resource-Based View, the study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 1,000 stakeholders, from which 278 were sampled using simple random sampling inOlchoronyori and Lorien villages. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and key informant interviews, with instruments showing strong validity (CVI = 0.81) and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.89). Analysis using SPSS v26 applied both descriptive and inferential statistics, revealing that Needs Identification significantly influenced sustainability. The study concluded that sustainability is best achieved through integrated needs identification and recommended participatory planning, capacity building, and policy integration. Further research in other geographic and sectoral contexts was suggested to validate and expand these findings.
ASSESSING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE SANITATION SERVICE DELIVERY: INSIGHTS FROM KENYA’S NATIONWIDE REAL-TIME MONITORING INFORMATION SYSTEM
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Mercy M. Miriti; Dr. Dorothy Medza Tsuma
Technological innovation has become central to enhancing efficiency, transparency, and accountability in public service delivery, particularly in the sanitation sector of developing countries. This study assessed the effect of technological factors on sustainable sanitation service delivery, drawing insights from Kenya’s Nationwide Realtime Monitoring Information System (RTMIS) under the Ministry of Health. Anchored on the sustainability theory and supported by institutional Theory, stakeholder theory and resource-based view theory, the study adopted a descriptive and explanatory research design combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected from 394 respondents, including Community Health Promoters, County Health Officers, and RTMIS administrators, through questionnaires and key informant interviews. Descriptive and regression analyses were conducted using SPSS version 27. Findings revealed that technological innovation significantly influenced sustainable sanitation service delivery (β = 0.412, p < 0.05), explaining 31.6% of the variance in service sustainability. Key factors included automation, interoperability, and digital infrastructure, while limited user training and system maintenance constrained effectiveness. The study concludes that technological innovation enhances sustainability when supported by institutional commitment, reliable infrastructure, and user capacity. It recommends policy reforms to strengthen digital infrastructure, regular user training, and dedicated funding for RTMIS maintenance to ensure long-term functionality anddata-driven sanitation governance in Kenya.
ASSESSING THE AWARENESS OF AGENDA 2063 ON GENDER DEVELOPMENT IN MALINDI, KENYA
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Dr. Dorothy Tsuma; Evans Makasanda
This study assessed the awareness of Agenda 2063 on gender development in Malindi, Kenya, aiming to explore its implementation and impact within the local community. Malindi, a coastal town in Kenya, represents a diverse demographic with specific socioeconomic challenges that necessitate targeted gender development strategies. Despite global and national commitments to gender equality, local implementation and awareness of Agenda 2063 remain understudied, highlighting a critical research gap. Statistics indicate that only 30% of the population in Malindi is aware of Agenda 2063, with serious disparities in understanding its gender-focused initiatives. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate the extent of Agenda 2063 awareness on gender development in Malindi, emphasizing its relevance and potential impact on socio-economic outcomes. This study was anchored on Gender and Development Theory. The study employed a descriptive research design. The target population comprised community members, local authorities, and civil society organizations actively engaged in gender-related initiatives in Malindi. Data collection involved structured questionnaires distributed among 250 respondents, selected through stratified sampling. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS for quantitative data, focusing on descriptive statistics and inferential tests to assess awareness levels. The analysis involved both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Key findings indicated a moderate awareness level of Agenda 2063 on gender development in Malindi, with 45% of respondents expressing familiarity with its objectives and principles. Further analysis revealed that awareness levels varied significantly across different demographic groups. For instance, younger respondents and those with higher education levels were more likely to be aware of Agenda 2063. Additionally, respondents actively engaged with local authorities or civil society organizations showed higher levels of awareness and understanding of the gender-focused initiatives under Agenda 2063. However, significant gaps existed in understanding specific strategies and implementation mechanisms. The study concludes that there is need for localized advocacy and capacity building efforts to advance gender development goals in Malindi. Moreover, the study concludes that there is a need for localized advocacy and capacity-building efforts to advance gender development goals in Malindi. In view of the findings, the study recommends enhancing educational programs to raise awareness about Agenda 2063 and its gender-related objectives. Strengthening community outreach is also essential to ensure that information reaches all segments of the population. Furthermore, fostering partnerships between local authorities and civil society organizations within Malindi c facilitate the dissemination of information and the implementation of gender development strategies. In view of the findings, the study recommends that there is need to enhance educational programs, strengthening community outreach, and fostering partnerships between local authorities and civil society organizations within Malindi. These efforts are crucial for realizing Agenda 2063's vision of inclusive development and gender equality across Kenya.
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF EMPLOYEE TRAINING ON PRODUCTIVITY: PERSPECTIVES FROM NANDI COUNTY GOVERNMENT, KENYA
(management university of africa, 2024-11) Sisey Kipketer Jacob; Moses Leseiyo
Following the enactment of the Kenyan constitution in 2010 and subsequent to the 2013 general election, employees transitioned from other sectors of the economy, including well-established organizations, to join the workforce of County Governments. This shift was driven by perceived competitive compensation packages and improved terms of engagement. There was an anticipation that this influx of talent would lead to an exceptional standard of service delivery, effectiveness and productivity among employees. However, contrary to these expectations, several studies have highlighted the poor performance of employees in various County Governments. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of training on employee productivity in Nandi County Government. This study was guided by the expectancy theory and resource-based view theory. The research employed a mixed methods research design and was conducted in Nandi County, targeting the 4,234 employees of the Nandi County Government. The Yamane (1973) formula was used to determine a sample size of 365. Structured questionnaires were administered to the respondents, and a pilot study was conducted at Kericho County Government with a random sample of 37 respondents selected. The analysis of data was done through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 28), which included the computation and presentation of descriptive statistics. Inferential statistics were applied to reveal the relationships between the variables, with data presented through graphs and tables. Findings showed a positive and significant effect of training on employee productivity in Nandi County government (β = 0.494, p = 0.000). This study concludes that training programs is important in employee satisfaction and performance. In view of the findings, the study recommends that the Nandi County Government should prioritize and enhance the relevance of training programs for employees.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF FUNCTIONAL INTEGRATION ON PUBLIC PROCUREMENT PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF EMBU COUNTY GOVERNMENT, KENYA
(management university of africa, 2024-11) Mwaniki Dickson Karani; Dr. James Mwikya
This study investigates the impact of functional integration on public procurement performance in public institutions in Kenya, focusing on the County Government of Embu. Despite efforts to implement technological infrastructure such as e-procurement systems, adoption has been slow and inconsistent across counties, limiting efficiency in procurement processes. The study employs a descriptive research design, surveying 300 employees across various departments to assess how budgetary allocation, staff competence, top management support, and IT infrastructure influence procurement outcomes. Data analysis, performed using SPSS, revealed a significant correlation between functional integration and improved procurement performance, showing that enhanced IT infrastructure and management support lead to better resource utilization, transparency, and accountability. Recommendations include prioritizing investment in advanced IT systems, regular staff training, and fostering active top management involvement in procurement practices for better service deliver.
ASSESSING THE ROLE OF MANAGERS IN IMPLEMENTING TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN PUBLIC TRAINING INSTITUTIONS: A CASE STUDY OF THE KENYA SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT, BARINGO CAMPUS
(management university of africa, 2020-11) Eddah Chepkurui Cheruiyot; Isabella Sile
This study aimed to assess the role of managers in implementing technological change in an organization at the Kenya School of Government. The study was motivated by the concern of slow and abnormal resistance witnessed with emerging technological changes aimed at transforming the performance of an organization. Institutions of learning are knowledge management centered and therefore, utilization of recent technologies to stem up performance such as efficiency, employee performance, corporate relationships and internal knowledge management mechanisms is integral. The limited ease of managerial support, ineffective communication, inadequate training, stalled stakeholder input or involvement has been zeroed in as areas of concern in change management in particular with government institutions. Therefore, this study was poised to examine the effect of environment in implementing technological change at the Kenya School of Government and establish the effect of communication in implementing technological change at the Kenya School of Government. Also, the study endeavored to find out the effect of managerial resistance in implementing technological change at the Kenya School of Government. Finally, the study sought to assess the extent to which training contributes to implementing technological change at the Kenya School of Government. Resource Based Theory, Lewin's Three-Step Change Theory, The Dynamic Capability Theory, Knowledge-Based Theory, and Managerial Hegemony Theory guided this study. The study adopted a descriptive research design in undertaking this study. The study was conducted at the Kenya School of Government covering 178 employees who are staffers at the institution. Through, simple random sampling technique, the study sampled 50% of the target population to inform and respond to the questionnaire which is the main research instrument for data collection. The study utilized a descriptive statistic design to analyze on data collected from the field. Presentation of results was in form of graphs, charts and tabulated tables with respective interpretations and discussions provided. The study found out that there is an effect of environment, communication, managerial resistance, and training on the implementation of technological changes of institutions. The study is important to the departments, Agencies, County and National Governments in Kenya, the Council and management of the Kenya School of Government, staffers and technological service providers, academicians and researchers with interest in change management, leadership and general management of public.
ASSESSMENT OF UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION PRACTICES IN KENYA: SETTING, MODERATION AND MARKING
(management university of africa, 2021-04) Echaune Manasi; Julius K. Maiyo
Examinations play a critical component of the education system. This study sought to assess the University examination practices in Kenya. The objectives of the study were to establish the procedures involved in setting University examinations in Kenya, to assess the procedures on marking University examinations in Kenya and to establish the procedures on moderation of university examinations in Kenya. The study targeted all the 74 chartered Universities in Kenya. Stratified sampling was adopted. The sample was made up 10 Universities comprising of 5 Public Universities and 5 Private Universities. Findings of the study revealed that majority of Universities in Kenya administered sit in examinations set and marked by course lecturers who had not been trained to perform such activities. It was concluded that there was need to reform University examination policies and guidelines in Kenya. The study recommended that Universities should embrace online examinations and other contemporary examination practices such as screen marking.
BIG DATA COMPLEXITY AND PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Gyaviira Ogola; David Nzuki
The banking industry is fast moving away from the traditional manual methods to sophisticated digital methods of doing business that is leading to production of large quantities of customer data. Despite the migration to digital era, commercial banks are still struggling to remain a float with some of them having been placed under receivership due to deteriorating performance. This study sought to determine the effect of big data complexity on performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study used an explanatory research approach. The target group consisted of all 39 commercial banks that were registered as of December 31, 2020. Descriptive statistics was used to explain the nature of the study variables through the use of inferential statistics. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship between the study variables. The results showed that big data complexity had a significant effect on performance According to the study, management of Kenyan commercial banks should make sure that big data capabilities are user-friendly when used, employ enough human resources to effectively integrate big data capabilities into operations, ensure that staff members have no trouble using big data capabilities, and make sure that staff members have no trouble understanding or interpreting the information in big data technologies to improve performance. The research also recommends that commercial banks in Kenya should ensure that it is simple to test out big data capabilities to see if customer expectations are met and be able to pilot big data capabilities before deciding to adopt it for performance improvement.
BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE OF SMART CONTRACTS IN PROCUREMENT OPERATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES AUTHORITY IN KENYA
(management university of africa, 2025-11) Jemutai Komen; Mr. Tom Kawino
Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative innovation with diverse global applications beyond decentralized monetary transactions, extending into finance, governance, healthcare, and supply chain management. Despite its potential, the adoption of blockchain-based smart contracts continues to face challenges, including regulatory uncertainty, security vulnerabilities, and integration difficulties within established business models. This study examined the effect of blockchain technology on the performance of smart contracts in procurement operations at the Export Processing Zones Authority (EPZA) in Kenya, focusing on corporate transparency and decentralization. Grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Transaction Cost Theory (TCT), the Resource-Based View (RBV), and the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory, the research utilized structured digital questionnaires administered via Google Forms to a target population of 210 officers, including procurement, IT, finance, and compliance staff across EPZA’s Athi River, Mombasa, and Kisumu branches. Multiple regression analysis using SPSS v28 was conducted to determine the relationship between blockchain technology and smart contract performance. The findings revealed that decentralization positively influences procurement performance by reducing dependence on intermediaries and minimizing manipulation in contract approvals. The results further support the view that blockchain-driven smart contracts enhance procurement efficiency, lower operational costs, and improve process integrity. However, the study also identified persistent challenges such as limited technical expertise, inadequate digital infrastructure, and weak legal frameworks that hinder full-scale adoption across African contexts. It concludes that blockchain technology possesses significant transformative potential for procurement operations through enhanced automation, security, and transparency and recommends that policymakers, practitioners, and scholars collaborate to strengthen regulatory frameworks, build institutional capacity, and invest in digital infrastructure to unlock the full benefits of blockchain-based smart contracts in procurement and other sectors.